Loni yemeje umwanzuro ushyiraho umunsi mpuzamahanga wo kurengera abanyamakuru

 

Inteko rusange y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye - Loni yo kuwa Kabiri, yemeje itariki ya 2 Ugushyingo nk’umunsi mpuzamahanga wo kurengera abanyamakuru : itariki ihurirana n’iyicwa ry’abanyamakuru babiri b’Abafaransa Ghislaine Dupont na Claude Verlon biciwe muri Mali muri uyu mwaka. Ni umushinga ugomba gutuma umubare w’abanyamakuru bicwa buri mwaka ku Isi yose, ujya ahagaragara.
RFI yanditse iyi nkuru, ivuga ko ari ku nshuro ya mbere Inteko rusange ya Loni yize ku nsanganyamatsiko yo kurengera abanyamakuru. Inyandiko yasohowe ku bwumvikane ihamagarira abanyamuryango ba Loni guhagarika ibikorwa byo kudahana ndetse no gucukumbura amaperereza ku byaha bikorerwa abanyamakuru.
Uyu mwanzuro wemeza ko uyu munsi uzajya wizihizwa ku itariki ya 2 Ugushyingo mu kwibuka Ghislaine Dupont na Claude Verlon, biciwe muri Mali. Umwaka ushize abanyamakuru 89 barishwe kuva mu ntango, abandi 52 baburiwe irengero burundu : muri Syrie, Somalia, Pakistan, Brésil no muri Mexique bashimuswe n’abaherwe bacuruza ibiyobyabwenge…
Inteko rusange kandi yanagaragaje ingingo nshya zirebana n’itangazamakuru kugira ngo hongerwemo n’abandika kuri blog za internet bategamiye ku bitangazamakuru runaka, nyamara nabo bahura n’ibyo bibazo.
Nta gushidikanya ko uyu mwanzuro wa Loni utazagira icyo ugindura kinini ku byago by’abanyamakuru bahigwa ndetse bakanafungirwa hirya ni hino ku Isi, ariko uzatuma ikibazo cy’abanyamakuru kijya ahagaragara ndetse unereke RFI ko iyicwa ry’abanyamakuru bayo Ghislaine na Claude muri Mali, rititaweho.

 

Hari ibibazo bikiri inzitizi muri gahunda y’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge"

 

Mu gusoza umwiherero w’iminsi itatu, ku nsanganyamatsiko “Ndi Umunyarwanda”, mu myanzuro yavuye mu biganiro byahuje abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, hagaragayemo ko hari bimwe mu bibazo bikiri inzitizi muri gahunda y’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge by’Abanyarwanda zirimo ishingiye ku mibereho y’Abarokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, ndetse n’abakuze bagifite amacakubiri n’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside.
Uyu mwiherero w’abasenateri n’abadepite, wasojwe kuwa Gatanu tariki ya 1 Ugushyingo 2013, wafashe imyanzuro irimo igaragaza ko hari bimwe mu bibazo bikiri inzitizi muri gahunda y’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge.
Muri ibyo bibazo byashyizwe ahagaragara harimo ibirebana n’imibereho y’abarokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, abantu bakuze bagifite amacakubiri n’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside bakibyigisha abana babo mu miryango, abanyapolitiki bamwe na bamwe bafite imyitwarire idahwitse n’irangiza ry’imanza z’imitungo zaciwe na Gacaca.
Mu bindi byashyizwe mu myanzuro, harimo ko urubyiruko rugomba kwigishwa indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda kandi gahunda y’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge ikareba Abanyarwanda bose muri rusange. Abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, nk’abahagarariye abaturage bafite uruhare runini mu gushimangira ubumwe n’ubwiyunge, bagomba kubabera urugero rwiza.
Ibiganiro byatanzwe byafashije abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kugira urubuga rwo gusangira isesengura nyakuri ry’amateka y’igihugu ; gushyira ahagaragara ibikomere bikomoka kuri ayo mateka no gufata ingamba zo kubyomora. Bagize kandi urubuga rwo kwimakaza kuvugisha ukuri ku byababayeho, kubisabira imbabazi ku bumva baratatiye ubunyarwanda no gutanga imbababzi ku bahutajwe n’ayo mateka mabi, kandi byose bigakorwa nta gahato.
Muri ibi biganiro abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko imitwe yombi, bagize umwanya wo gutanga ubuhamya ku byababayeho, hagamijwe komora ibikomere, bityo hakubakwa Ubunyarwanda.
Mu gusoza umwiherero abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko bafashe imyanzuro ngiro irimo kuba bashingiye ku ihuriro rya 6 rya Unity Club Intwararumuri ryabereye i Gabiro kuwa 11-12 Ukwakira 2013, basanze Abanyarwanda bose bafite mu buryo butandukanye ibikomere basigiwe n’amateka mabi yaranze igihugu, kandi abagize inteko bafite by’umwihariko gahunda yo kwimakaza ubumwe n’ubwiyunge.
Hari ingamba zafashwe
Mu guherekeza gahunda ya “Ndi Umunyarwanda” mu banyarwanda, hagomba kubanza kuyiyubakamo mu buryo bumwe, kandi guterana inkunga muri urwo rugendo bikaba ngombwa gusezerera urwikekwe rwaba ruri hagati yabo ; hagendewe kandi ku byavuye mu mwiherero wa gatandatu wa Unity Club, byagize uruhare mu biganiro byabo, abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko biyemeje gukomeza urugendo rwo kwiyubakamo ubunyarwanda mbere ya byose.
Biyemeje kureka umuco mubi wa ceceka ahubwo bagasasa inzobe ; kwamagana abo ari bo bose bashingira ibikorwa byabo cyangwa imvugo zabo ku buhutu, ubututsi cyangwa ubutwa. Biyemeje kandi kwamagana ku buryo budasubirwaho abakwirakwiza cyangwa bagashyigikira ko habayeho jenoside ebyiri ; gushyira imbere ubunyarwanda n’inyungu z’Abanyarwanda bakareka kwibonamo amoko, amasano, idini, igitsina n’ibindi.
Guhagarara ku murongo w’ibitekerezo byiza no kubisobanurira Abanyarwanda bose ; kugira uruhare mu kwimakaza gahunda ya “Ndi Umunyarwanda” mu nzego zose z’Abanyarwanda, hifashishwa ibiganiro byimbitse n’ibikorwa ntangarugero. Kugira uruhare mu kwamamaza no kwimakaza indangagaciro ziranga Umunyarwanda mushya ; gukomeza guherekezanya mu gikorwa cyo gushyira ahagaragara ibikomere bitandukanye byahungabanyije ubunyarwanda bwa buri wese.
Hemejwe kandi ko hagomba kubaho gusobanurira abana amateka y’igihugu n’ibibi byabaye kugira ngo bitandukanye na byo ; kugira uruhare mu gushyigikira icyizere mu banyarwanda hashingiwe ku kuri kuganisha ku bwumvikane, imibanire n’imikoranire bizira uburyarya kandi hagashyirwaho gahunda yo gukomeza ibiganiro byatangiwe.

Abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu mwiherero i Gabiro

 Bamwe mubami bategetse u Rwanda

Bimwe mu byagendeweho hakorwa icishirizo ni ibikorwa bikomeye byaranze ingoma ya buri mwami, igereranya ry’igihe cye cyo kwima n’icy’abandi bami bo mu bihugu byari bikikije u Rwanda, ibitero bikomeye byagabwe, inzara zateye, impinduka zidasanzwe mu buyobozi cyangwa mu mibereho ya rubanda n’ibindi.

Kugeza ubu , mu nyandiko zakozwe, iyagaragaweho kwegera cyane ibihe nyabyo ni igaragaza uko Abami b’u Rwanda bakurikiranye n’ubu n’imyaka bimye ingoma, mu buryo bukurikira:

Icishirizo ry’ingoma z’Abami b’u Rwanda kuva mu mwaka wa 1000 kugeza mu wa 1960

1. Gihanga  Ngomijana (1091-1124)

2. Kanyarwanda Gahima (1124-1157)

3. Yuhi I Musindi (1157-1180)

5. Ndoba (1213-1246)

4. Ndahiro I Ruyange (1180-1213)

6. Samembe (1246-1279)

7. Nsoro I Samukondo (1279-1312)

8. Ruganzu I Bwimba (1312-1345)

9. Cyilima I Rugwe (1345-1378)

10. Kigeli I Mukobanya (1378-1411)

11. Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi I (1411-1444)

12. Yuhi II Gahima II (1444-1477)

13. Ndahiro II Cyamatare (1477-1510)

14. Ruganzu II Ndoli (1510-1543)

15. Mutara I Nsoro II Semugeshi 1543-1576)

16. Kigeli II Nyamuheshera (1576-1609)

17. Mibambwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura (1609-1642)

18. Yuhi III Mazimpaka (1642-1675)

19. Cyilima II Rujugira (1675-1708)

20. Kigeli III Ndabarasa (1708-1741)

* Karemera Rwaka :  (Ku rutonde ntabarwa kuko yabaye umusigarira wa Ndabarasa ubwo yarwaraga amakaburo)

21. Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo (1741-1746)

22. Yuhi IV Gahindiro (1746-……?)

23. Mutara II Rwogera (1830-1853)

24. Kigeli IV Rwabugili (1853-1895)

25. Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa (1895 -1895) Yakorewe kudeta.

26. Yuhi V Musinga (1895-1931)

27. Mutara III Rudahigwa (1931-1959)

28. Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (1959-1960)

Bamwe mu bami babaye ibihangange mu ntambara zo kwagura igihugu no kurinda ubusugire bwacyo, abandi babaye ibyamamare kubw’inyurabwenge rijimije ryabo ryihariye, abandi babaye ibyatwa kubw’ibikorwa bidasanzwe.

Cyakora abafite amateka yamenyekanye cyane si bose, bitewe n’uburyo bw’ishyinguranyandiko butari buriho muri ibyo bihe, gusa hakaba harakoreshwaga ihererekanyabumenyi bwafatwaga mu mutwe.

Abaperezida bayoboye u Rwanda mu gihe cya Repubulika (1960 – 2013 )

MBONYUMUTWA Dominique:  Umwaka umwe (Kuva  28/01/1961 – 26/10/1961).  Perezida Mbonyumutwa yayoboye u Rwanda mu gihe cy’igeragezwa rya Repubulika, mbere gato y’uko rubona ubwigenge. Yavutse mu mwaka wa 1921 atabaruka kuwa 26 Nyakanga 1986.

KAYIBANDA Grégoire: Imyaka 12 (Kuva 26/10/1961  – 04/07/1973. Yavutse kuwa 01 Gicurasi 1924 yitaba Imana kuwa  15 Ukuboza 1976. Yavuye ku buyobozi akorewe kudeta.

Général Major HABYARIMANA Juvénal: Imyaka 21 (Kuva 05/07/1973 – 06/04/1994). Yavutse kuwa 8 Werurwe 1937 yitaba Imana  kuwa 6 Mata 1994. Yavuye ku buyobozi indege yarimo ihanuwe.

Dr SINDIKUBWABO Théodore: Amezi atatu (Kuva 09/04/1994 – 19/07/1994). Yavutse mu mwaka wa 1928, yitaba Imana  mbere gato ya 1998. Yavuye ku buyobozi ahunze igihugu.

BIZIMUNGU Pasteur: Imyaka itandatu (Kuva 19/07/1994 – 23/03/2000). Yavutse mu mwaka wa 1950, aracyariho. Yavuye ku buyobozi yeguye.

KAGAME Paul : Imyaka itatu y’inzibacyuho (Kuva 17/04/2000 – 25/08/2003 ) Yavutse kuwa 23 Ukwakira 1957. Nyuma y’iyi nzibacyuho atowe n’Inteko ishinga amategeko, Paul Kagame yakomeje kuyobora atowe n’Abaturarwanda

KAGAME Paul : Imyaka irindwi (Kuva 25/08/2003 – 09/08/2010 ), muri Manda ya mbere.
Kuva kuwa 09/ Kanama /2010  kugeza none (muri Manda ye ya kabiri).
U Rwanda rwagize Abaminisitiri b’intebe icyenda, kugeza ubu .

Abo ni :

1. Gregoire KAYIBANDA (1960)
2. Dr Sylvestre NSANZIMANA (02/10/1991 – 02/04/1992)
3. Dr Dismas NSENGIYAREMYE (02/04/1992 – 18/07/1993)
4. Agathe UWILINGIYIMANA (18/07/1993 – 07/04/1994)
5. Jean KAMBANDA (09/04/1994 – 19/07/1994)
6. Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU (19/07/1994 – 31/08/1995)
7. Pierre Célestin RWIGEMA (31/08/1995 – 08/03/2000)
8. Bernard MAKUZA (08/03/2000 – 07/10/2011)
9. Dr Pierre Damien HABUMUREMYI (07/10/2011 – … )

Muri aba Baminisitiri b’intebe uko ari icyenda, umwe niwe wabarizwaga mu ishyaka MRND (ritakiriho), undi umwe mu Muryango FPR, abandi barindwi basigaye batangwaga n’ishyaka MDR ritakiriho.

5 Things Super Successful People Do Before 8:am

Rise and shine! Morning time just became your new best friend. Love it or hate it, utilizing the morning hours before work may be the key to a successful and healthy lifestyle. That’s right, early rising is a common trait found in many CEOs, government officials, and other influential people. Margaret Thatcher was up every day at 5 a.m.; Frank Lloyd Wright at 4 am and Robert Iger, the CEO of Disney wakes at 4:30am just to name a few. I know what you’re thinking - you do your best work at night. Not so fast. According to Inc. Magazine, morning people have been found to be more proactive and more productive. In addition, the health benefits for those with a life before work go on and on. Let’s explore 5 of the things successful people do before 8 am.

1. Exercise. I’ve said it once, I’ll say it again. Most people that work out daily, work out in the morning. Whether it’s a morning yoga session or a trip to the gym, exercising before work gives you a boost of energy for the day and that deserved sense of accomplishment. Anyone can tackle a pile of paperwork after 200 ab reps! Morning workouts also eliminate the possibility of flaking out on your cardio after a long day at work. Even if you aren’t bright eyed and bushy tailed at the thought of a 5 am jog, try waking up 15 minutes early for a quick bedside set of pushups or stretching. It’ll help wake up your body, and prep you for your day.
2. Map Out Your Day. Maximize your potential by mapping out your schedule for the day, as well as your goals and to dos. The morning is a good time for this as it is often one of the only quiet times a person gets throughout the day. The early hours foster easier reflection that helps when prioritizing your activities. They also allow for uninterrupted problem solving when trying to fit everything into your timetable. While scheduling, don’t forget about your mental health. Plan a 10 minute break after that stressful meeting for a quick walk around the block or a moment of meditation at your desk. Trying to eat healthy? Schedule a small window in the evening to pack a few nutritious snacks to bring to work the next day.
3. Eat a Healthy Breakfast. We all know that rush out the door with a cup of coffee and an empty stomach feeling. You sit down at your desk, and you’re already wondering how early that taco truck sets up camp outside your office. No good. Take that extra time in the morning to fuel your body for the tasks ahead of it. It will help keep you mind on what’s at hand and not your growling stomach. Not only is breakfast good for your physical health, it is also a good time to connect socially. Even five minutes of talking with your kids or spouse while eating a quick bowl of oatmeal can boost your spirits before heading out the door.
4. Visualization. These days we talk about our physical health ad nauseam, but sometimes our mental health gets overlooked. The morning is the perfect time to spend some quiet time inside your mind meditating or visualizing. Take a moment to visualize your day ahead of you, focusing on the successes you will have. Even just a minute of visualization and positive thinking can help improve your mood and outlook on your work load for the day.
5. Make Your Day Top Heavy. We all have that one item on our to do list that we dread. It looms over you all day (or week) until you finally suck it up and do it after much procrastination. Here’s an easy tip to save yourself the stress - do that least desirable task on your list first. Instead of anticipating the unpleasantness of it from first coffee through your lunch break, get it out of the way. The morning is the time when you are (generally) more well rested and your energy level is up. Therefore, you are more well equipped to handle more difficult projects. And look at it this way, your day will get progressively easier, not the other way around. By the time your work day is ending, you’re winding down with easier to dos and heading into your free time more relaxed. Success!

Abacururiza mu isoko rya Kabeza bararira ayo kwarika

     Abacuruzi bacururiza mu isoko ‘Marie Merci Modern Market ltd’ riherereye mu mudugudu wa Kalisimbi, akagari ka Kabeza umurenge wa Kanombe, akarere ka Kicukiro, bararira ayo kwarika kubera ikibazo cyo kubura abaguzi.

Iri soko rubatse i ruhande rw’Akagari ka Kabeza

Aba bacuruzi bavuga ko kuva iri soko ryafungura hagati mu mwaka wa 2012,  abaguzi baza umwe umwe kandi na bo ugasanga abenshi ari abaza kwirebera imiterere y’isoko,  batagenzwa no guhaha.
Umwe mu bagore bacuruza ibijyanye n’amavuta yo kwisiga yabwiye Umuseke ko kugeza ubu gukorera muri iri soko ari ukwihambira kuko ngo nta kintu bakuramo ahubwo usanga bahomba n’ayo bari bafite.
Yagize ati “Kuza hano ni amabura kindi, abaguzi nta bo pe!  baza umwe umwe na bo kandi nti bagura, n’uguze arahenda cyane ugasanga umuntu arunguka amafaranga ari munsi y’igiceri cy’100.”
Uyu mugore avuga ko iri soko ribahombya kugeza aho ibyo barangura birenza igihe bakabijugunya cyangwa se byaba bibura iminsi mike bakabitahana bakabyihera abantu.
Akaba yongeyeho ati “Mu minsi ishize nashidutse amasabune yo mu bwoko bwa  Protex abura icyumweru ngo apfe, nayatahanye igitaraganya ariko na bwo nti byabujije ko adupfiraho.”
Arongera ati “Usibye amabura kindi umuntu abonye indi mikorere yakwigendera.”
Ikibazo cy’igihombo muri iri soko nti kiri mu bacuruza amavuta gusa kuko n’abacuruza ibiribwa ni uko, umwe mu bagore baranguza bakanacuruza ibiribwa waganiriye n’Umuseke avuga ko  gucururiza mu isoko rya Kabeza bisaba kwihangana no  gukanura  amaso.
Yabwiye Umuseke ati “Amafaranga yangirikiye muri iri soko kuyagaruza nta bwo byoroshye, ahubwo umuntu ahora ashoramo andi.”
Uyu mugore [wavuganaga agahinda kenshi] yavuze ko bagitangira bamennyemo ibintu byinshi bazi ko abaguzi bazaza ku bwinshi maze bikabura ababigura  bakabimena.
Kubwe ngo kugaruza ayo bashoye ntibyoroshye, ati “Kuyagaruza nti byoroshye, mbese si nzi  ahantu imikorere y’iri soko izaturuka.”
Bamwe byarabananiye barafunga
Nk’uko bigaragarira buri wese winjira muri iri soko, usanga imiryango myinshi ifunze ahandi nta bantu barimo.
Umunyamakuru w’Umuseke watembereyemo yasanze mu miryango 13 iri ku murongo umwe hafunguyemo ibiri yonyine ndetse ngo hari igihe biba nta n’umwe ufunguye.
Abacuruza bavuga ko abenshi byabananiye bagahitamo gufunga abandi bakaba baza igihe bashakiye ngo kuko kuhirirwa no kutahirirwa byose byenda kungana.
Umwe mu bacuruza imyenda watangiranye n’iri soko mu kwezi kwa gatandatu mu mwaka wa 2012 avuga ko amaze igihe adakandagira muri iri soko kubera kubura amafaranga y’ubukode.
Uyu mucuruzi ati “Si nzi ko iryo soko nzarigarukamo, kuko kurizamo binkururira igihombo kurusha kutarizamo.”

Kuri iyi miryango igera ku 13 hafunguyemo ibiri gusa

Uyu mubyeyi uvuga ko afite abana agaburira, avuga ko iyo aje gucuruza bimusaba itike ndetse saa sita agakenera kurya kandi nta kintu yagurishije, avuga ko yahisemo kuba abihagaritse ngo kuko kuza gucuruza ntugire ikintu utahana ngo uhe abana nta cyo bimaze.
Yagize ati “Amafaranga y’ubukode nakoresheje ubushije ni ayo nari nagujije ubwo rero si nakongera kuguza andi nitwa ngo ndakora.”
Akomeza avuga ko umuntu ucuruza imyenda ashobora kumara icyumweru nta muguzi abonye cyangwa yanamubona akaba ari ushaka kumuha ari munsi y’ikiranguzo.
Ku bwe  ati “Imana nimfasha nkongera kubona ubushobozi nzashaka ahandi nerekeza, kuko Kebeza nta mikorere ihari.”
Ubwikorezi buri mu bibangamiye iri soko
Ndahimana Gérard, ukurikiraniraha hafi ibikorwa by’iri soko avuga ko ikibazo aba bacuruzi bafite na bo bakizi nk’ubuyobozi bw’isoko, gusa avuga ko igitera ibi ari uko Kabeza iri ku ruhande bigatuma abantu benshi bataryitabira.
Ndahimana avuga ko ikindi gitera iki kibazo cy’ibura ry’abaguzi muri iri soko ari ikibazo cy’imodoka zitwara abagenzi berekeza muri uyu muhanda. Avuga ko umuhanda wa Kabeza waciwemo imodoka za tagizi mini bus  bagashyiramo imodoka nini za KBS kandi ngo izi modoka ntizijya zitwara imizigo.
Agira ati “Umuntu ntiyaza guhaha ngo atware ibyo yahashye ku mu twe kandi abijyana ahantu kure, muri make iri soko rihahirwamo n’abifitiye imodoka cyangwa abatuye hafi.”

Mu isoko abantu ni mbarwa

Akomeza atunga agatoki ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda wa Kabeza avuga ko n’imodoka zihagenda zitajya zigeza abagenzi   muri gare ya Remera, ngo  bivuze ko nta waza guhaha mu isoko ngo imodoka imugeze muri ‘Feu rouge’ ahasigaye ahagende n’amaguru.
Ikindi kibazo  Ndahimana yagarutseho cyanagarutsweho n’abandi bacuruzi bo mu isoko rya Kabeza, ni icy’amabutiki menshi yo mu ngo, bigatuma abahatuye bataza guhahira mu isoko.
Ndahimana ati “Ubuyobozi budufashije bugafunga utwo tubutiki, abaducururizamo bakazanwa mu isoko, byakongera urujya n’uruza rwo muri iri soko,  ikindi kandi  byanafasha mu bijyanye no gukusanya imisoro.”
Ibikorwa remezo na byo bifite aho bihuriye n’iki kibazo         
Ndahimana akomeza avuga ko leta ibafashije yatunganya umuhanda uhuza Kabeza na Kicukiro kugira ngo yorohereze abatuye Kicukiro kuza guhahira mu isoko rya Kijyambere rya Kabeza.
Undi muhanda avuga ko uramutse utunganyije wazamura umubare w’abagana iri soko, ni uhuza uduce twa Kanombe, Kabeza na Busanza.
Uyu muyobozi ukurikirana ibyo mu isoko rya Kabeza ati “Nidushyiramo imbaraga tugatanga serivise nziza na leta ikabidufashamo nta gihombo tuzagira.”
Icyakora ariko n’ubwo abacuruzi binubira imikorere yo muri iri soko,  ubuyobozi bw’isoko na bwo bwagerageje kumva iki kibabazo bubagabanyiriza amafaranga y’ubukode, nk’uko Ndahimana abitangaza.
Ibibanza byakodeshwaga amafaranga ibihumbi 600 byashyizwe ku bihumbi 400, ibyari ku bihumbi  400 bishyirwa kuri 200, ibyakodeshwaga ibihumbi 150 bishyirwa ku 100, ibyakodeshwaga amafaranga ibihumbi 50 byashyizwe ku bihumbi 30. Ibibanza byakodeshwaga amafaranga ibihumbi 37 500 byashyizwe ku bihumbi 20  na ho ibyari ku bihumbi 15 byashyizwe ku bihumbi 10 gusa.
Isoko ‘Marie Merci Modern Market ltd’, ryubatse ku buso bwa hegitari imwe n’igice, rikaba rifite ibice bitanu by’ingenzi aribyo igice cy’amabanki n’amafarumasi, igice gikorerwamo n’abaranguzi, icy’abacuruza ubuconsho n’amabutiki, icy’abacuruza ibiribwa by’imyaka n’igice n’icy’abacuruza inyama.

Iki n’igice cy’amafarumasi n’Alimentations

Aha ni bar na restaurent ariko nta bantu barimo

Mu mboga niho hapfuye kuba abantu

Mu gice cyabaranguza naho harimo abafunze imiryango

Aha ni ahagenewe gucururizwa imyumbati n’ibijumba n’ibindi

Hariho abishyura nti birirwe imiryango badakora ngo bategereje ko isoko rishyuha

Etats-Unis: Les services de renseignement collecte des millions de carnets d'adresses

• 
  20minutes.fr/20minutes.fr - Le siège de l'agence américaine de renseignement NSA, le 31 mai 2006 à Fort Meade, Maryland, près de Washington, Paul J. Richards AFP

MONDE - 250 millions de listes de contacts courriels de comptes Yahoo!, Facebook, Gmail et autres seraient collectées chaque année...

L'agence américaine de renseignement NSA collecte des centaines de millions de listes de contacts numériques d'Américains via leurs courriels ou leurs messageries instantanées, indique le Washington Post, citant des documents de l'ancien consultant de la NSA Edward Snowden.

>> NSA: Comment échapper à Big Brother?

En une seule journée en 2012, la NSA a intercepté 444.743 listes de contacts courriels de comptes Yahoo!, 82.857 de comptes Facebook, 33.697 de comptes Gmail, et 22.881 d'autres fournisseurs internet, précise la NSA dans une présentation publiée lundi par le journal américain. Extrapolés sur une année, ces chiffres correspondraient à la collecte de 250 millions de listes de contacts courriels par an.

Des millions d'Américains concernés

Ce qui voudrait dire que des millions, voire des dizaines de millions d'Américains sont concernés par cette collecte, ont indiqué au journal deux hauts responsables du renseignement américain.
Ces listes contiennent davantage d'informations que les métadonnées téléphoniques car dans ces contacts courriels (d'emails) figurent aussi des numéros de téléphone, des adresses physiques, des informations économiques ou familiales, et parfois les premières lignes d'un message.
La NSA intercepte ces listes «au vol», quand elles se retrouvent dans des échanges internet, plutôt qu'«au repos», dans les serveurs des ordinateurs. Et de ce fait, la NSA n'a pas besoin de le notifier aux groupes internet qui abritent ces informations, comme Yahoo!, Google ou Facebook.
Interdiction contournée
L'agence les intercepte à partir de points d'accès situés «partout dans le monde» mais pas aux États-Unis, ont précisé les responsables du renseignements. Ce qui permet à la NSA de contourner l'interdiction qui lui est faite d'intercepter des

Vers un monde sans tabac

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  Slate.fr/Slate.fr - Vers un monde sans tabac

Fumées blanches pour les vapoteurs? A Strasbourg le Parlement européen a, mardi 8 octobre, voté en leur faveur. La Commission voulait faire de la cigarette électronique l'équivalent d'un médicament. Les députés n'ont pas suivi: la e-cigarette restera en vente libre dans l'Union (où l'on compterait désormais sept millions d'utilisateurs). Seules restrictions: elle sera interdite de publicité et les mineurs ne pourront l'acheter.

Les mêmes dispositions pourraient être adoptées aux Etats-Unis (trois millions d'utilisateurs) par la Food and Drug Administration. Tout est encore loin d'être acquis: la machinerie réglementaire européenne est suffisamment lourde (pas d'applications concrètes prévues avant plusieurs années) pour que les lobbies financés par les majors du secteurs (Marlboro, British American Tobacco, Imperial Tobacco et Japan Tobacco) parviennent à en réduire la portée sanitaire.
Pour autant, le vote du 8 octobre devrait, à moyen terme modifier le paysage de cette addiction massive et légale. Il marque surtout l'entrée officielle de la cigarette électronique dans ce paysage. C'est là un objet sans précédent dans l'histoire des addictions; la seule comparaison pouvant ici être faite demeure celle de la courageuse politique menée contre les  drogues injectables illicites (avec le recours à la méthadone notamment) qui commencèrent à être autorisées en réponse à l'épidémie de sida dans les années 1980.
A sa façon, le développement rapide du marché de la cigarette électronique (en Europe comme aux Etats-Unis) constitue une expérience inédite et massive de réduction des risques. Mais c'est aussi phénomène d'autant plus paradoxal qu'il progresse le plus souvent en dépit de (ou grâce à) l'opposition déclarée ou tacite de la plupart des  responsables des institutions sanitaires nationales ainsi que de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé.
70.000 morts par an en France